Thursday 26 October 2017

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ENOUGH AS A QUANTIFIER


Enough can be used as a quantifier when it is placed before any noun, to indicate the quantity required or necessary. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
EXAMPLES
  • There is enough bread for lunch.
  • She has enough money.
  • There are not enough apples for all of us.
  • I don't have enough sugar to make a cake.
The word enough can also be an adverb of degree, in which case it is not placed before a noun.

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GRADED QUANTIFIERS

Graded quantifiers allow us to compare the quantity of one thing with the quantity of another, without specifying an exact quantity for either element. Graded quantifiers preceed nouns. Different quantifiers are needed for countable and uncountable nouns. Sometimes the noun can be omitted when it is understood from the context.
They are distinct from comparatives and superlatives, which compare the degrees of a quality (adjectives) or the degree of the manner something was done (adverbs). Graded quantifiers, like comparatives and superlatives, hold a relative position on a scale of increase or decrease. The superlative grade is always preceeded by the in a sentence.
quantifiercomparative gradesuperlative grade
With plural countable nouns
manymoremost
fewfewerfewest
With uncountable nouns
muchmoremost
littlelessleast
EXAMPLES
  • There are many people in England, more people in India, but the most people live in China.
  • Much time and money is spent on education, more on health services but the most is spent on national defence.
  • Few rivers in Europe are not polluted.
  • Fewer people die young now than in the seventeenth century.
  • The country with the fewest people per square kilometre must be Australia.
  • Scientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before the year 2020.
  • She had less time to study than Paul but had better results.
  • Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you.

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INDEFINITE AND INCOMPLETE QUANTITIES

Some and any can be used with countable and uncountable nouns to describe an undefined or incomplete quantity.

USING "SOME"

Some can be used in descriptive sentences.
EXAMPLES
  • I had some rice for lunch.
  • He got some books from the library.
  • I will have some news next week.
  • Philip wants some help with his exams.
  • There is some butter in the fridge.
Some is also used in interrogative sentences when you think you already know the answer.
EXAMPLES
  • Did he give you some tea? = I think he did.
  • Is there some fruit juice in the fridge? = I think there is.
  • Would you like some help? = Probably you do.
  • Will you have some roast beef? = Probably you will
Some can also be used in interrogative sentences to ask for something or to offer something.
EXAMPLES
  • Could I have some books, please?
  • Why don't you take some apples home with you?
  • Would you like some tea?
  • Will you have some cake?

USING "ANY"

Anyis used in interrogative sentences when you do not know the answer.
EXAMPLES
  • Do you have any friends in London?
  • Do they have any children?
  • Do you want any groceries from the shop?
  • Are there any problems with your work?
Any is also used with not to form negative sentences. In these sentences, the word any emphasizes the negativity to make it more absolute.
EXAMPLES
  • She doesn't want any kitchen appliances for Christmas.
  • They don't need any help moving to their new house.
  • I don't want any cake.
  • There isn't any reason to complain.

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EXPRESSING OPINIONS ABOUT QUANTITY

The quantifiers few and a few, and little and a little seem nearly identical but they are actually quite distinct. These expressions show the speaker's attitude towards the quantity he is referring to as either positive or negative.
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive way, implying that although the speaker may not have much, he has enough.
EXAMPLES
  • I've got a few friends. = I have enough friends.
  • I have a few flowers in my garden. = I have enough flowers.
  • I've got a little money. = I have enough money.
  • I have a little free time on Thursdays. = I have enough free time.
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
Few (for countable nouns) and little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a negative way. They may actually indicate a total lack of the noun, but are more polite than saying so directly.
EXAMPLES
  • Few people visited him in hospital. = he had almost no visitors, or perhaps no visitors at all.
  • I've seen few birds around here. = there are almost no birds, or perhaps not a single bird
  • He had little money for treats. = almost no money, or perhaps no money at all
  • I have little time for TV = almost no time, or perhaps no time at all

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PICK THE RIGHT QUANTIFIER

To answer the questions How much? and How many? certain quantifiers can be used with countable nouns (friends, cups, people), others with uncountable nouns (sugar, tea, money) and still others will all types of nouns.
Only with uncountable nounsWith all types of nounsOnly with countable nouns
a littleno, none, not anya few
a bit ofsomea number of
 anyseveral
a great deal ofa lot of, lots ofa great number of
a large amount ofplenty ofa large number of
EXAMPLES
  • Would you like some tea and a few cookies?
  • I always put a little milk and some carrots in my soup.
  • He has several apples. I don't have any fruit at all.
  • She has plenty of clothes for the winter.
  • I recieved a large amount of feedback from my survey.
USING "MUCH" AND"MANY"
Much and many are mainly used in interrogative and negative sentences. They are also used in affirmative and negative sentences in combination with too and so. Notice: the word many can be used alone in affirmative sentences while the word much cannot. Much is replaced in affirmative sentences with a lot of or lots of (these expressions can also replace many).
Uncountable nounsCountable nouns
How much sugar do you have?How many people came to the concert?
There's not much sugar at the store.Not many people came to the concert.
I have too much sugar at home.There were too many people at the concert.
I don't know what to do with so much sugar.It's a problem when there are so many people.
I wish there was not so much sugar here.There were not so many people last year.
There is a lot of sugar in candy.There are many people who want to come. = There are a lot of people who want to come.

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NUMBERS IN ENGLISH

The cardinal numbers (one, two, three, etc.) are adjectives referring to quantity, and the ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) refer to distribution.
NumberCardinalOrdinal
1onefirst
2twosecond
3threethird
4fourfourth
5fivefifth
6sixsixth
7sevenseventh
8eighteighth
9nineninth
10tententh
11eleveneleventh
12twelvetwelfth
13thirteenthirteenth
14fourteenfourteenth
15fifteenfifteenth
16sixteensixteenth
17seventeenseventeenth
18eighteeneighteenth
19nineteennineteenth
20twentytwentieth
21twenty-onetwenty-first
22twenty-twotwenty-second
23twenty-threetwenty-third
24twenty-fourtwenty-fourth
25twenty-fivetwenty-fifth
26twenty-sixtwenty-sixth
27twenty-seventwenty-seventh
28twenty-eighttwenty-eighth
29twenty-ninetwenty-ninth
30thirtythirtieth
31thirty-onethirty-first
40fortyfortieth
50fiftyfiftieth
60sixtysixtieth
70seventyseventieth
80eightyeightieth
90ninetyninetieth
100one hundredhundredth
500five hundredfive hundredth
1,000one thousandthousandth
1,500one thousand five hundred, or fifteen hundredone thousand five hundredth
100,000one hundred thousandhundred thousandth
1,000,000one millionmillionth
EXAMPLES
  • There are twenty-five people in the room.
  • He was the fourteenth person to win the award.
  • Six hundred thousand people were left homeless after the earthquake.
  • I must have asked you twenty times to be quiet.
  • He went to Israel for the third time this year.

READING DECIMALS

Read decimals aloud in English by pronouncing the decimal point as "point", then read each digit individually. Money is not read this way.
WrittenSaid
0.5point five
0.25point two five
0.73
point seven three
0.05
point zero five
0.6529
point six five two nine
2.95
two point nine five

READING FRACTIONS

Read fractions using the cardinal number for the numerator and the ordinal number for the denominator, making the ordinal number plural if the numerator is larger than 1. This applies to all numbers except for the number 2, which is read "half" when it is the denominator, and "halves" if there is more than one.
WrittenSaid
1/3one third
3/4three fourths
5/6five sixths
1/2one half
3/2three halves

PRONOUNCING PERCENTAGES

Percentages are easy to read aloud in English. Just say the number and then add the word "percent".
WrittenPronounced
5%five percent
25%twenty-five percent
36.25%thirty-six point two five percent
100%one hundred percent
400%four hundred percent

READING SUMS OF MONEY

To read a sum of money, first read the whole number, then add the currency name. If there is a decimal, follow with the decimal pronounced as a whole number, and if coinage has a name in the currency, add that word at the end. Note that normal decimals are not read in this way. These rules only apply to currency.
WrittenSpoken
25$twenty-five dollars
52€fifty-two euros
140₤one hundred and forty pounds
$43.25forty-three dollars and twenty-five cents (shortened to "forty-three twenty-five" in everyday speech)
€12.66twelve euros sixty-six
₤10.50ten pounds fifty

PRONOUNCING MEASUREMENTS

Just read out the number, followed by the unit of measurement, which will often be abbreviated in the written form.
WrittenSpoken
60msixty meters
25km/htwenty-five kilometers per hour
11fteleven feet
2Ltwo liters
3tbspthree tablespoons
1tspone teaspoon

PRONOUNCING YEARS

Reading years in English is relatively complicated. In general, when the year is a four digit number, read the first two digits as a whole number, then the second two digits as another whole number. There are a few exceptions to this rule. Years that are within the first 100 years of a new millenium can be read as whole numbers even though they have four digits, or they can be read as two two-digit numbers. Millennia are always read as whole numbers because they would be difficult to pronounce otherwise. New centuries are read as whole numbers of hundreds. We do not use the word "thousand", at least not for reading years within the past 1000 years.
Years that have just three digits can be read as a three digit number, or as a one digit number followed by a two-digit number. Years that are a two digit number are read as a whole number. You can precede any year by the words "the year" to make your meaning clear, and this is common for two and three digit years. Years before the year 0 are followed by BC, pronounced as two letters of the alphabet.
Interestingly, these rules apply to reading street addresses as well.
WrittenSpoken
2014twenty fourteen or two thousand fourteen
2008two thousand eight
2000two thousand
1944nineteen forty-four
1908nineteen o eight
1900nineteen hundred
1600sixteen hundred
1256twelve fifty-six
1006ten o six
866eight hundred sixty-six or eight sixty-six
25twenty-five
3000 BCthree thousand BC
3250 BCthirty two fifty BC

HOW TO SAY 0

There are several ways to pronounce the number 0, used in different contexts. Unfortunately, usage varies between different English-speaking countries. These pronunciations apply to American English.
PronunciationUsage
zeroUsed to read the number by itself, in reading decimals, percentages, and phone numbers, and in some fixed expressions.
o (the letter name)Used to read years, addresses, times and temperatures
nilUsed to report sports scores
noughtNot used in the USA
EXAMPLES
WrittenSaid
3.04+2.02=5.06Three point zero four plus two point zero two makes five point zero six.
There is a 0% chance of rain.There is a zero percent chance of rain.
The temperature is -20⁰C.The temperature is twenty degrees below zero.
You can reach me at 0171 390 1062.You can reach me at zero one seven one, three nine zero, one zero six two
I live at 4604 Smith Street.I live at forty-six o four Smith Street
He became king in 1409.He became king in fourteen o nine.
I waited until 4:05.I waited until four o five.
The score was 4-0.The score was four nil.